LITERARY THEORY & CRITICISM

  ~Familia Fanai Laltansanga 

Mizo thuziak mite hian Literary Criticism chungchang hi an ziak nual tawh a, ka beng leh ka hrawk fah khawp hi ka la hmu lo va, Sap ṭawng aṭanga an zir hriat,  Mizo tawnga an lehlin a ni tlangpui a. English context-a ziak kha Mizo ṭawngin letling ringawt mah se, Mizo rilru hian a awmzia a man pha tak tak lo fo va, English literature, thu leh hla ril lama luhchilh tak takte tan lo chuan hriat thiam tak tak theih pawh a ni lo bawk a. 

Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumar-sinhji Bhavnagar University (Bhavnagar - Gujarat) chuan MHRD, New Delhi under NMEICT (Sakshat) bultumin LITERARY THEORY & CRITICISM thupui hi an mi thiam chhuanvawr; Resource Persons: Prof. Chidananda Bhattacharya, Dr. Sachin Ketkar, Dr. Sanjay Mukherjee, Dr. Kalyan Chattopadhyay, Dr. Mahesh Jivani, Content writers: Dr. M. B. Gaijan, Dr. Ketan Vyas, Dr. Manish Vyas, Dr. Chetan Trivedi, Mr. Ketan Pandya, Mr. Arpit Dave, Mr. Devarshi Mehta, Ms. Heenaba Zala, Mr. Jay Mehta, Ms. Vruti Dave, Mr. Nishant Pandya, Mr. Rushiraj Waghela-ten an ziak a, an thuziak chu an website-ah hian ka chhiar fuh hlauh mai a. Ṭha ka ti khawp mai a. Vangvat, thosi leh vaihmite kara an rawtuai khawrh sa, an kheh sa chu kharchhawngin Mizo Hmar-bai angin Mizo hrawk fah turin ching-al leh sa-um nen ka han bai mai dawn a ni. 

LITERATURE LEH CRITICISM CHU ENGNGE? 

Buizova zai khan thiltihtheihna (power) a nei a, sunhlu hnah a tiṭil er er thei niin kan pi leh puten an sawi miau va. A nu meuh pawh Buizova zunah a uai. ‘Literature-in a tum chu mi dang hnena thiltihtheihna hlanchhawn a ni,’ tiin Thomas De Quincy chuan a sawi a. ‘Hriatna leh finna hlanchhawn hi literature thil tum bulfuk ber a ni lo thei,’ a ti bawk. Mafaa Hauhnar thuziak hian thiltihtheihna a nei a, hriatna a tipung lo a ni mai thei. Mahse a chhiartu rilru a tihlim. Vanlaisailova lengzem hla sak hian thiltihtheihna mak tak a nei a, lairil a fan raih bik. Zirtir emaw thufing kan zawm ngei ngei tur emaw a nei tam vak lo mai thei. Mahse a hla thiltihtheihna chuan Zoram khawvela Zofate rilru a khawih a, Zoram khawvel a fan.  Tichuan, Thomas De Quincy sawi, “All that is literature seeks to communicate power, all that is not literature seeks to communicate knowledge” hi a awmzia chu banga inziak angin ka hre thiam thei tawh ang. Leo Tolstoy sawi, “Art is communication’ tih hian ka’n tuihnih leh hlak ang e. 

Prof. Siamkima Khawlhring thuziak hi han thurchhuak ila, kan thusawi mek hi a chiang lehzual ang; Mihring duhamna leh mahni hmasialna hi  a lo lian deuh deuh va, sum leh pai ngaihtuahna leh khawvel thila intlansiakna hian kan nun leh rilru a eichhiat mek lai hian rilru mawl (simple), thianghlim leh hahdam tak neih leh theihna tur chu kan nun hlui, mawl leh ṭha, kan chenna hlui thlir let leh ṭhin a ni tih he hla hian min hriat nawntir leh ṭhin. 

“Pipu chhuahtlang hlui hi thlir ve u!

Thuvate, lailen tluanglam zawhna;

Changsial an ngir dai phulleng an mawi,

Sawmfang lawr tur tuan rel an her liamna,”

tihte hian Wordsworth-a nature rawng a kai hliah hliahin, han chhiar hian kan rilru ngui tawh hnu pawh a tiharh sawng sawng a; kan naupan laia kan inselem-chaihna leh dai vahna hmunte kha ngaihtuahnaa fang lehin sava chiar nak nak rite pawh kan han hre nawn leh a, chu chuan min tihlim a, kan tan khawvel hi siamthar lehin a lo awm ṭhin a ni. 

Mizovin Pathian lehkhabu thianghlim kan han tih teh duah, Bible hi literature ṭha lawtlak a ni a, thuken pawimawh tak zirtir a nei tel bawk a. Tirhkoh Paulan Hebrai 4:12-a "Pathian thu hi a nung a, thil a ti thei a, khandaih hriam tawn eng ang ai pawhin a hriam a, nunna leh thlarau, ruhtuah leh thling phel hrang khawp hialin a chhun thei a, thinlunga ngaihtuah leh tumte hi a hre nghal thei a ni."a tih hi tuna kan hai sawi mek thu leh hla thiltihtheihna nemnghehna ṭha tak a ni. Amaherawhchu, Mizoram min hualveltu hnam pui, sakhaw lian tak tak; Hinduism, Buddhism leh Muslim sakhaw zuitute thinlung erawh a chhuntlang thei lo a ni ang.  Tuna ka han sawi tak hi literary criticism chu a ni a, thu dik tak nia kan lo pawm tlap, Tirhkoh Paula ziak hi a lo dik ziktluak vek lem lo tih kan hriat phah ta a ni. A dik ziktluak vek lem lo tih chu engtin nge i sawi theih? min ti a ni mai thei a. Statistics aṭang hian a chiang a, hnial rual a ni lo va, phat rual a ni hek lo. Christian hi India ramah 2.3%, Myanmar ramah 4%, China ramah 2.53% chauh kan ni.  

LITERATURE

Literature hi Mizo ṭawnga ‘thu leh hla’ kan tih hian a sawi fiah ber mai awm e. Thuziak mawi leh thuziak dak ṭha tak, mawina lam emaw fin thiamna lam emaw pawha hlutna nei sang bik, mi naranin ni tin an hman ang ṭawngkam ni lo, a aia mawi leh ṭhaa ziak emaw phuah emaw hi a kawk deuh ber.

‘Literature chu ‘Thu leh hla’ ṭha, a hlutna ruah mual liam anga liam ve duak duak lo,’ ti-te pawhin han sawi ila, a dik thei tho awm e. Kan thiam puipa pangngai Prof. Siamkima Khawlhring bawk hian pawm hahdamthlak takin a sawi fiah thiam e; Literature chu thu engpawh, mihring nun nena inlaichinna nei chi, hun rei tak chhung hlutna nei tura fel fai leh ṭha taka ziak hi a ni. Fel fai leh ṭha taka ziak ni tur chuan ṭawng hman pawh a ṭha thei ang ber a ni tur a ni a, a ziak dan kalhmang pawhin a zir tur a ni. Mihring tan hun rei tak hlutna nei tur chuan, mihring nun sawi-chhuahna, mihring ngaih-nawm tihzawng, hriat reng duhzawng, thufing, suang-tuahna leh duhthusamte pawh a ni tur a ni. Literature chu mihring ngaihtuah chhuah leh siam chhuah, thil mawi (man-made beauty) zinga pakhat a ni. Chutiang chu mihring nun leh ziarang, thuruk puan-chhuahna a ni bawk ṭhin a ni.  Literature chuan, thu leh hla kan sawi leh a lang baka awm ngaihruatna khawvel (where more is meant than meets the eye; Milton) a zau zawng sawi theih loh leh teh theih loh khawvelah min lentir a; chu khawvel siam thar ziarâng leh mawina chi tinrengte chu ngaihruatnain min hmuhtir a. Mihring nun hi a siam thar a, beiseina pein a tihlim bawk ṭhin a ni.

A bulthumah chuan literature hi Latin ṭawng ‘literatura’ emaw ‘litteratura’ emaw a ni a. Littera chu lehkha tihna emaw kuta ziak tihna emaw a ni a, chu chuan thu leh hla engpawh ziaka awm tawh phawt a huam vek a. Hun a inher zel a, zingah khawchhak lam aṭangin nî a lo chhuak a, tlai lamah khawthlang lamah a tla leh a. Nî leh thla a liam a, kumpui sul a lo vei sek bawk nen, literature tih ṭawngkam pawh hian, Mizo hnam rohlu  ‘Tlawmngaihna’ hian awmze thar a rawn nei zel ang hian  hmel thar a rawn nei danglam ta zel bawk a, lehkhabu chhutna khawlte a lo chhuak a, tunah phei chuan electronic literature te lam lam a lo awm leh ta zel a, literature huang chu a lo zau ta hle a ni. 

Literature chu Bawih Ṭhahnem lo, Thangbawnga thu khawchang, Phunchawng lian em em  angin han sawi dawn ta ila; “Ţiau phai zawlah hian Phunchhawng lian em em mai hi a ţo va. a par zu chu chungleng sava leh ransa tam takin an lo tlan luih luih mai a, an chiap chel chul mai a,” Literature, Phungchawng parzu chu mi tin hian kan tlan luih luih a, kan tui tihzawng leh kan ei duh zawng erawh a inang vek kher lo va. Ka ‘nau’ Mafaa Hauhnar thuziak ei pawl an awm a, Ka ‘u’, a nupui Biate khawchhuak, ka nu nau ṭhiannu ber, The Reverend Chuauṭhuama thuziak tui ti taka ei pawl an awm bawk a. Phunchawng par zu chu chungleng sava leh ramsa tam takin an tlan luih luih a, an chiap chel chul ang maiin tunlai hian Mafaa Hauhnar ṭan pawl leh The Reverend Chuauṭhuama ṭan pawl an inhnial luih luih a, an chiap chel chul mai bawk a. Literature huang lo zauzia hi a lang chiang viau mai. Khep khep mai a. Hetiang inhnial buaina kara mahni ring lo rawlh chu mahni lu zuar kan ni mai! At hi so lo phawt mai teh ang. The Reverend Chuauṭhuama thuziak kha ka chhiar chhuak dap a, huat tur pakhat mah ka hmu lo.

Kum lama ka ‘nau’ Thu leh hla, a bik takin creative writing lama ka ‘u’ leh ka ‘pu’ Mafaa Hauhnar kha fam dai rial chang lo se, chhiar ve se, a nui huk hukin ka ring. A thin a rim ka ring lo. The Reverend Chuauṭhuama thuziak khan ‘consistency’ a nei ṭha khawp mai a, paih tur leh hlehthlak tur leh hlawithlak tur pakhat mah ka hmu lo, Cambridge University aṭanga zirchhuak ngat ni si, Mafaa Hauhnar aia English thiam lo zawk anga a insawi tih bak kha chu. Thu dik lo pakhat mah a ziak lo. Thu dik tak kan helh a nih chuan thu dang ni se.  FB emaw WhatsApp emaw-ah hian silent reader hi a maka maka tam an awm tih hi hriat tur. Mizo upaten “Pachuau sual ang,’ an lo ti a, Pachuau hi sual laklawh chuan duh ai rei sual an ngai an ti a, a lo dik hle a nih hi. 

CREATIVE WRITING

Creative writing chu engnge ni tiin in zawt ta ila, Mafaa hauhnar thuziak ang hi a ni ti ila, a fiah, fel fai, chiangkuang ber awm e. Thu leh hla rau chan laia thuziak hi a ni mai. Professional, journalistic, academic leh technical thuziak ang ni lo hi a ni ber. Engvangin nge Mizo ṭhalaite hian Mafaa Hauhnar thuziak hi ka duh em em? Creative writing a nih vang a ni mai a ni. Tichuan, ka sawi chiang thawkhatah ka inngai. Prof. Laltluangliana Khiangte hian creative writing hi Mizo ṭawngin a phuah a, ‘awmhawp thuziak’ a ti a, ka pawm mai mai lo. Pi Nuchhungin chanchin sawina seminar-a a thusawi lai laiin awmhawp thuziak tih ṭawngkam hi a hmang a, a thusawi laiin “Awmhawp thuziak chu eng nge ni?” tih ka zawt a, “Creative writing’ a ti a. Ka ner nawng mai. A phawkchhuak zo lo lutuk! Mahni duh duh danin Mizo ṭawng hi kan sawisa tur em ni le?

Literature chu eng ber ni tih kan lo hre ta a. Chu literature a ṭhat leh ṭhat loh tehna chu Criticism a lo ni ta a ni. Alu leh Chini kan lei chuan a bukna tehkhawng kg a awm a. Thu leh hla chu a ṭha tleh ṭhat loh tehna tehkhawng a awm ve ta lo hi a buaithlak lai ber chu a ni ta. Amah William Shakespeare pui roh khan ‘There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so,” a lo ti matlawnlovin, dik leh dik lo hi a lo awm tak tak lo va, a ngaihdan siamtu ngaihdan a zir kha a ni mai. Prof. Siamkima Khawlhringin Chhurbura kha hnam pasalṭha anga chawimawi a tum vak a, a hlawhchham let der. Mizo hla phuah thiam R.L.Kamlala pawh manganna leh lungngaihnain a chim buai reng, a lungngaihnate chu sepui ruah tuar tlawk tlawk angin a ziak a, a keuh sual chiang mai! A buklung tehkhawng kha kei ka buklung nen chuan a inang lo khawp mai a. William Shakespeare thuziak sawi-seltu an tam khawp. Mahse a ropui ngaiin a ropui reng si! A vawtu-in ek an cheh pheng phung mai asin! A uih vut vut. Shakespeare thu leh hla erawh pangpar rimtui aiin a rim a la tui reng, chhuanthar lo la piang zelte tan pawh. 

LITERARY CRITICISM CHU ENG CHIAH NGE NI A?

The Reverend Chauau-ṭhuama'n Bible Criticism hi Bible ‘sawiselna’ emaw an ti a, a ni tawp si lo va tih min hrilh. A dik ka ti a. 

( Chhunzawm leh atan….)